Effects of food on the brain

Effects of food on the brain Abstract Throughout the world, it is a common knowledge of the significance of a healthy diet. Not only does it effect body image and physical health, but mental health as well. Nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid, and choline increase synaptic plasticity. In order to show that healthy foods are better for the mind, this study collected qualitative data on brain function after receiving healthy food and unhealthy food. The purpose of this study was to find out do healthy foods increase brain activity? It is hypothesized that if mice are given healthy and unhealthy meals, and instructed to run a maze, the mice given the healthy meals will complete the maze at a faster rate. The null hypothesis is that there will be no difference between mice given healthy and unhealthy meals. This, in turn, promotes the creation of new membranes, which allow new memories to be formed. When performing this study, mice were instructed to run a maze and the times of completion were recorde d. Depending on the group they were placed in, they were given either a healthy or unhealthy meal instructed to run the maze once more. Again, the times of completion were recorded. After completing the study, data collection showed that the mice in the group receiving healthy food had a greater change in time from the race without food to the race with food. To insure that there were no unfair advantages, nutritional values, such as carbohydrates and proteins. Research Problem Foods high in omega-3, such as walnuts, kiwi, and salmon, support the elasticity of the synapses within the brain (Good diet, 2008). Neurologist Fernando GÃ ³mez-Pinilla showed that a healthy diet could not only increase mental function, but protect against aging and damage to the brain (Wolpert, 2008). Literature Review Omega- 3 Studies show that omega-3 fatty acids are crucial to brain health (Wolpert, 2008). Psychology Professor GÃ ³mez-Pinilla found that foods rich in omega- 3, such as flaxseed, walnuts, kiwi, and salmon, aid in the production of the brain cell membranes that nerve signals pass through. As humans learn and create new memories, new membranes must be developed in order to hold that information. Pinilla, a professor of neurosurgery and physiological science, researched the idea that there are outside factors that affect brain activity. His study gives way to the question, Do healthy foods increase brain activity? Previous researchers showed that factors such as diet, exercise, and sleep patterns can noticeably impede the function of the mind (Wolpert, 2008). To support this theory, approximately 200 students were used as test subjects in a research study. In conclusion, researchers stated, Several gut hormones that can enter the brain, or that are produced in the brain itself, influence cog nitive ability (GÃ ³mez-Pinilla, 2008). Researchers detailed how foods such as salmon contain nutrients beneficial to the brain. One of the nutrients found in salmon is omega-3. Omega-3 fatty acids support synaptic plasticity and seem to positively affect the expression of several molecules related to learning and memory that are found on synapses, GÃ ³mez-Pinilla said. Omega-3 fatty acids are essential for normal brain function. GÃ ³mez-Pinilla conducted a study in Indonesia and Australia in which he gave a drink high in nutrients to children. After receiving the drink, the children were given performance tests focused on verbal skills and memory. The childrens test scores improved greatly after consuming the drink (Wolpert, 2008). Another study, performed by Oxford University students, compared two groups of students on math and spelling tests. One group of students received omega-3 and the other group received a placebo (Henry, 2002). The students receiving the placebo had dra stically lower test scores. Docosahexaenoic acid Docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, is another nutrient beneficial to the to the mind. Docosahexaenoic acid is shown to reduce oxidative stress and promote synaptic plasticity by preventing the establishment of free radicals. By doing so, learning and memory are also enhanced. Oxidative stress can cause damage to cellular proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Berries have been observed to counteract oxidative stress and have been shown to improve coordination and memory as well (Henry, 2005). Synaptic Plasticity Synaptic plasticity is the term used for the ability for change during synapses. This means that the reaction of the synapses to the release of neurotransmitters is not constant. The reaction can be stronger or weaker and the time of the reaction may vary. The strength of the reaction becomes greater or weaker in response to the reaction of receptors to their stimuli. As the length of time the receptor to stimuli reaction occurs or the amount of receptors present changes the synaptic strength fluctuates. The increase of synaptic strength that lasts is referred to as long term potentiation. Long term potentiation is known to play a role in neuron communication, which in turn plays a role in the creation of new memories. Opposite long term potentiation is long term depression. Long term depression is the phrase used to describe a lasting weakness in synaptic strength. Low frequency stimuli create long term depression, while long term potentiation is caused by high frequency stimuli. To learn new things and create new memories the neurons within the brain must communicate in different ways. This also is synaptic plasticity. Neurons in the perirhinial cortex respond to things we see and then tell the brain if it is new to us or if we have seen it before. The greater the response of the neurons, the less we recognize whatever we are seeing. As we continue to see that object, the neuron response decreases. This is how memories are processed. Omega-3 and Synaptic Plasticity Omega-3 fatty acid can act as an inhibitor for the activity of protein kinase C in cells. The in vitro activities of protein kinase C was inhibited by omega-3 as well as the mitogen-activated protein kinase. This implies that the double bond in omega-3 is neccesary for quality inhibitions. Omega-3 could prevent serotonin receptor-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in hippocampal slice preparations. In hippocampal long term potentiation, omega-3 showed to blocked the force of it, without inhibiting basal synaptic transmission. Fats and Calories Many assume that all fats are bad, and should be avoided. Research stated that many of the foods with a bad reputation actually can be helpful when eaten correctly. Marano shows that nutrients in different forms can cause different results in the body. The right food can enhance mental capabilities-help you concentrate, tune sensorimotor skills, keep you motivated, magnify memory, speed reaction times, defuse stress, perhaps even prevent brain aging, (Marano, 2007). Fats have been shown to not only benefit the mind, but can be detrimental to it as well. Omega-3 fatty acids make up the brain cells that the nerve signals must travel through. The human diet must be rich in omega-3 so as to continue to produce cell membranes. Many dietitians and nutritionists promote the use of oils such corn, safflower and sunflower. These are better for the heart, but not so good for the mind. Instead of being rich in omega-3, they are rich in omega-6. Canola oils and walnut oils are better for the brain usage. Choline has been shown to increase memory and reaction time. Sugar is known to keep the mind sharp, though the right amount is yet to be found. Carbohydrates are known to soothe the mind (Marano, 2007). An over-abundance of calories counteract omega-3 by reducing the flexibility of synapses. Trans fats and saturated fats have been studied to have a similar affect. Regulating calorie consumption can help the brain by blocking potential damage to vital cells, proteins, and chemicals (Wolpert, 2008). Weight In a study, statistics were calculated concerning the link between obesity and brain function (Volkow, Wang, Telang, Fowler, Goldstein, Alia- Klein, Logan, Wong, Thanos, Ma, Pradhan, 2008). Brain metabolism during cognitive stimulation was measured to determine whether body mass index (BMI) affected brain glucose utilization during cognitive performance. Verbal memory was tested as well. Twenty students participated in the study. They measured the association between BMI and regional brain glucose metabolism in healthy individuals at baseline and during cognitive stimulation. Baseline regional brain metabolic measures have been shown to be a sensitive indicator of brain function/dysfunction that is associated with neurocognitive performance. These results relate to my research in that it details how food intake relates to brain function. In obesity, both preclinical and clinical studies have documented impairments in brain DHA activity. Observations in obese subjects have reported an inverse relationship between BMI and D2 receptors (Haltia,m Viljanen, Parkkola, Kemppainen, Rinne, Nuutila, Kaasinen, 2007). They found that BMI is not what is detrimental for prefrontal activity, but that decreased prefrontal activity and reduced executive function may increase the risk to overeat. The prefrontal cortex is involved in regulating impulse control, self-monitoring, and goal-directed behaviors. Purpose In order to show that healthy foods are better for the mind, this study collected qualitative data on brain function after receiving healthy food and unhealthy food. The purpose of this study was to find out do healthy foods increase brain activity? It is hypothesized that if mice are given healthy and unhealthy meals, and instructed to run a maze, the mice given the healthy meals will complete the maze at a faster rate. The null hypothesis is that there will be no difference between mice given healthy and unhealthy meals. Methodology In order to show that healthy foods are better for the mind, this study investigated brain function after receiving a meal of either healthy or unhealthy food. Six mice were used as test subjects. Three mice were given healthy food while the other three received unhealthy food. The food were the independent variable, the mice were the dependent variable, and the maze was the constant. The mice were grouped randomly. The healthy meal consisted of walnuts and spinach. These foods contain omega-3 fatty acids. The unhealthy mice were given guinea pig food. After eating, each mouse ran a maze with cheese as the reinforcement at the end of the maze. The time of completion was recorded. Caution was taken to ensure that the events before testing were similar, so that stress didnt play a factor. Also, the nutritional value was matched in the healthy and unhealthy meals to prevent any unfair advantages. These value include carbohydrate and proteins, which are known to provide energy. The nutri tional values were the controls. Results and Discussion During the experiment, the mice averaged 10.33 seconds change in time, from before the meal and after the meal, for the mice given healthy food, and 18.67 seconds for the mice given unhealthy food. The results of this data display that the meals high in nutrients are better for the brain. It was hypothesized that if mice were given healthy and unhealthy meals, the mice given healthy meals would complete a maze in shorter time. As expected, the mice in the healthy group moved at a significantly quicker pace through the maze. The hypothesis was accepted. Previous study showed that foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids increased brain productivity. Brain productivity is enhanced because of the synaptic plasticity that goes on in the membranes (Wolpert, 2008). The data found in this study compares to that of neurologist Fernando Gomez-Pinilla. Both studies support healthy eating for optimal performance. Although the hypothesis in this study was supported, there are aspects not taken into account that could affect data accuracy. Though the ages of the mice are unknown, this plays a role in how the food may affect the brain. In younger mice, when the brain is still in the developmental stage, short term effects on the brain may occur. A brain that is more mature may take several meals to react to the nutrients (Bozarth, 2009). To further this study, it would be efficient to increase the length of exposure to the change in diet. This would allow a greater amount of change for mice that are older. Also, other foods could be used. Fish and fish oils are known to carry a significant amount of DHA and EPA (Kindblade, 2009). If possible, the same foods could be used with a nutrient supplement added into one of the diets. References (2008, July 9). Good diet, exercise keep brain healthy. Retrieved August 25, 2009, from Live Science Web site: http://www.livescience.com/health/080709-food-brain.html Bozarth, M. (2009, Nov) Re: Michael Bozarth [Electronic mailing message]. GÃ ³mez-Pinilla, F (2008, July 1). Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function. Retrieved September 26, 2009, from Nature Reviews Web site: http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v9/n7/full/nrn2421.html Haltia, LT. Viljanen, A. Parkkola, R. Kemppainen, N. Rinne, JO. Nuutila, P. Kaasinen, V.(2007). Brain white matter expansion in human obesity and the recovering effect of dieting. Retrieved September 22, 2009, from Endojournals Web site: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/92/8/3278 Henry, J. (2005, May 22). Heres food for thought. Retrieved September 22, 2009, from Telegraph.co.uk Web site: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1490492/Heres-food-for-thought.html Kindblade, B. (2009, Nov) Re: [Beve Kindblade, Nutritionist] Contact from Kiana Spencer [Electronic mailing message]. Marano, HE (2007, Feb 7). What is good brain food? Retrieved August 20, 2009, from Psychology Today Web site: http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200310/what-is-good-brain-food Volkow, ND. Wang, GJ. Telang, F. Fowler, JS. Goldstein, RZ. Alia- Klein, N. Logan, J. Wong, C. Thanos, PK. Ma, Y. Pradhan, K. (2008, Oct). Inverse association between BMI and prefrontal metabolic activity in healthy adults Retrieved September 22, 2009, from Obesity Web site: http://www.nature.com/oby/journal/v17/n1/full/oby2008469a.html Wolpert, S (2008, July, 9). Scientists learn how what you eat affects your brain- and those oyour kids. UCLA Newsroom, Retrieved August 18, 2009, from http://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/scientists-learn-how-food-affects-52668.aspx

Advertising in Social Media

Over the past several years our economy has been struggling, to say the least. The economies struggles reflect on everyone. Most people had to change and somewhat scale down their lifestyles in order to cope with the struggling economy. The people began to realize that things were going to be tough for a while and began to prioritize their income. This effected how companies chose to advertise their products. Social media was seen as the most effective and appealing outlet to advertise to the new money conscious consumer base.The economic downturn over the last few years has hurt print advertising. Consumers prefer to get free product information on social media sites, opposed to going out to the store to purchase a newspaper or magazine. All though it is more expensive to advertise on social media sites than it is to advertise using other media outlets, companies get a much greater return on their investment from social media. The vastly growing consumer base and the high return on investment make social media outlets very effective advertising platforms, despite the struggling economy.Twitter and Facebook are among the top social media outlets that companies use for advertising their brand. Twitter advertises through â€Å"tweets† these are short messages describing what the company is trying to offer. Tweets are effective because consumers are more likely to read them because of their short length. These tweets can also be linked to the companies website or other social media accounts, allowing for greater consumer interaction. Twitter generates excellent return on investment because consumers have to seek out a company in order to follow their tweets.After a consumer is following a company, the company’s tweets show up on the consumer’s home page. This allows a product to be promoted in real time, keeping it fresh in the consumers mind. Facebook offers a more detailed advertising platform compared to Twitter. Companies can create a Face book page that allows them to post videos, links, photos, and more detailed descriptions of the product. This is effective because it allows the consumer to see and interact with what they are getting. Facebook also allows for consumers to give their personal feedback about the product in the form of wall posts.This generates talk and conversation between different facebook users and also between consumers and the company itself. Feedback like this helps the company create more effective advertisements or improve on their products. Companies can also create facebook event pages about upcoming sales, events, drink specials, food specials, fundraisers, or anything else. Social Media networks allow companies to advertise their product on an individual level. This is exciting because it gives the consumer an opportunity to interact directly with a particular company, via tweets, blog posts, or facebook posts.Direct interaction instills a sense of loyalty to the consumer, which generates good word of mouth reviews. This word of mouth advertising from social media sites comes in the form of â€Å"reposts† and â€Å"retweets† of comments and posts made by the company. By repeating these messages, more people are able to see what the company has to offer which brings more traffic to the product and company. This creates a larger following and brings in potential customers. The availability of social media apps on cell phones brings great excitement to the advertising world.Cell phones keep consumers linked to social media at all times. This is great for both the consumer and the product. The consumer can be instantly updated with information about a product or events that a company is hosting with real time information. With this technology, advertisements are always in sight. This is a key component to making sure the consumer always knows about products availability, relevance, usefulness, and its capabilities. It is also very useful in reminding consu mers about brand events or sales.All though social media is a great and effective tool for advertising, it does have some drawbacks that can be very costly. Social Media accounts for millions of dollars in company damages every year. By the way things go viral on the Internet, the smallest mishaps can blow up to be a big controversy. For example, there was a viral video on YouTube that portrayed a Domino’s employee doing very inappropriate things with pizza ingredients. This obviously did not sit well with the public and really hurt Domino’s consumer base.

Family Diversity

Reasons being there has been an increase in divorce over the past 30 years. Also, the growing proportion of household that are composed of 1 person. 2) Allen & crow- identified 2 key points for single parent families. -increase in divorce -significant rise in the number of never married women. Beanpole families are long and thin. These are multi-generational families where there is more intergenerational contact (grandparents and grandchildren) than intergenerational contact (cousins). 1) Brannon- sees them as being like a beanpole. Reason for less intergenerational ties. Gig divorce rates causing breakdown of contact between extended families – falling fertility rates couples having less children, so there will be fewer relationships. Reason for more intergenerational ties. -grandparents live longer provide extra care e. G. (babysitting) 2) Grungy & Henrietta- uses the concept of ‘sandwich generation' to refer to women aged between 55 and 69 who offer assistance between their needy parents and their own children. Research shows a growing number of women will be in this position. An extended family contains kin beyond the family.This could be through vertical extensions with additional family members from a 3rd generation (grandparents) or horizontal extensions (wife's sister). 1) villains- showed how working class peoples live that lived in east London was still dominated by the values and traditions of extended kin. 2) McConnell- used survey findings and discovered that in the 1 ass's contact with relatives was still frequent. Extended family was an important source of support, for practical support such as helping with jobs. E. G. Times of illness and financial tasks. A reconstituted family is when families merge together and form a new Emily.For example a couple with children split up, the children remain with the mother who forms a new family with a new partner and who also has children. National statistics 2004, an estimated 10% of all famili es were reconstituted. 1) Smart – researched children experiencing co-parenting, found that children value having both parents in their lives. By moving from houses as a routine since young age. Some religious people are more likely to have children living with them than others. Religion can also influence the way that children are socialized in families.

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1250 Words

An Illusion of Love Relationships are crucial components of human social life and are a common topic in most literary works. Many argue that romantic relationships are the most interesting and popular because of their appeal to human emotions. However, not everyone sees these connections between characters as positive, which was quite evident in Fitzgerald s timeless classic, The Great Gatsby. Daisy and Gatsby’s relationship is centered upon personal gain rather than pure love for one another. Gatsby sees Daisy as a goal he spends years trying to achieve. Jordan Baker describes when she first saw the two together: â€Å"The officer looked at Daisy while she was speaking, in a way that every young girl wants to be looked at sometime, and†¦show more content†¦Jordan concludes her recollection of Daisy and Gatsby’s past by stating Gatsby’s motivations behind his large parties: â€Å"‘I think he half expected her to wander into one of his parties some night,’ went on Jordan, ‘but she never did. Then he started asking people casually if they knew her, and I was the first one he found,’† (84). Gatsby is well aware that he cannot outright go and see Daisy because of her marriage to Tom, but he also does not want to â€Å"do anything out of the way,† (84). He takes a passive approach in all of his attempts to find Daisy. She becomes a motivating factor that drove him to obtain his wealth and position in society. There fore, she also becomes more of an idea rather than a flawed human, and Gatsby is afraid to meet her again. Overall, Gatsby’s actions reflect that he sees Daisy as his final objective instead of the love of his life. Daisy sees how much Gatsby adores her and likes feeling beautiful and wanted. Daisy describes to Nick the being alone in the hospital after the birth of her daughter: â€Å"She told me it was a girl, and so I turned my head away and wept. ‘All right,’ I said, ‘I’m glad it’s a girl. And I hope she’ll be a fool--that’s the best thing a girl can be in the world, a beautiful little fool,’† (21). Daisy contemplates her life and realizes that she was simply a prize Tom won. She is not and never will be the only woman in his life, which leaves her feeling unappreciated and insignificant. Daisy wishes her daughter will

The Effects Of Autism On Children s Development - 1432 Words

Abstract In the early 1900’s autism was a completely misunderstood concept and any child who was living with it was assumed to be living with â€Å"childhood schizophrenia† and developed much slower than children without autism. A four year study of Donald Triplett gave Dr. Kannar a better understanding of what autism was and what it caused certain people to do. The main question was, does it affect the child’s development? Living with autism can affect a child’s development due to the fact that they don’t have a long attention span, can cause them to have a repetitive behavior, along with trouble in social situations whether it be verbal or non verbal. Introduction Autism is a brain disorder that can affect a child’s development in the sense that they would have trouble with verbal and nonverbal communication, repetitive behavior, or social interaction in general. Autism can be detected in children ages two to three years old and 1 in every 88 children in America are diagnosed with autism yearly. Autism falls under the ASD or Autism Spectrum Disorder which is broad term that categorizes similar disorders. The disorders fall under that umbrella term due to the fact that they allocate similar characteristics/symptoms. – Autism – Asperser’s Syndrome – PDD-NOS (Pervasive Development Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified) – Rett Syndrome – Childhood disintegrative disorder In 1943, child psychiatrist and founder of the first academic child psychiatry unit atShow MoreRelatedAutism Is A Fast Growing Disorder1699 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Autism is a fast growing disorder in the United States, the symptoms start occurring in between the ages of 2 to 3 years old. The cause of this epidemic has remained unknown, but several hypotheses have been studied. 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Data Analytics And Analysis Data Science - 1619 Words

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As the full name of the software (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) suggests, the suite is especially designed for use in the social sciences and has become standardized in some fields like psychology (Field, 2005). Researchers can use SPSS to input the raw data from their researchRead MorePrescriptive Analysis : Moving Beyond Predictive Analysis Essay1196 Words   |  5 PagesPre scriptive Analysis – Moving beyond Predictive Analysis Big Data is becoming more meaningful with the ever more powerful data technologies, which enable us to derive insights from the data and help us make decisions. Big Data also creates new courses and professional fields such as the data science and data scientist, which are aimed at analyzing the ever growing volume of data. Some might think this exaggerated because data analysis, after all, not a new invention. However, we might all agree

Declaration of Independence Evaluation free essay sample

Thomas Jefferson was one our nation’s founding fathers. Prior to being elected America’s third president, Jefferson was selected to draft the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson had visions of a nation independent of the British hold that was grasping our country at that time. With beautiful, flowing words and true foresight into the future, Jefferson used the appeal of Ethos, Pathos and Logos. Thomas Jefferson vision for this country was well represented in the writing as he wrote it before the fifty-six other signatures declared America’s independence. Our third president, born in 1743, was not just a public servant but also a historian, husband and father. Of course, he was also a slave owner, which in Virginia was the norm for an affluent property owner (Monticello). Perhaps Jefferson practicing law in Virginia was what most influenced his ability to poetically write the Declaration of Independence. One of the recognizable lines of this documents is â€Å"We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal†¦Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness† (Declaration). We will write a custom essay sample on Declaration of Independence Evaluation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This declaration was not just for the British, but also for all citizens of the original thirteen colonies and in order for our Independence to be successful as a nation the people would need to use this a rallying cry. To say Jefferson was able to appeal to his audience on an ethical level is an understatement. These words and their most basic meaning have a certain level of credibility and that is evident by the respect and recognition the Declaration still has today. Immigrants in this modern day seeking a new life in an independent, free country still read these words and find Jefferson’s emotionally persuasive words moving and uniting. When the United States was to establish a new, independent government the focus would be on refusing tyranny from government. Jefferson scribed words into the Declaration that emotionally appealed to all readers. For citizens the statements accusing the King of Great Britain of absolute tyranny granted them ammo of words and rally in the fight for independence. To the audience abroad, the Kingdom of Great Britain viewed these bold words as not just a declaration of independence, but an act of war against the Kingdom. Emotions on high because of words on a paper and there was no other way Jefferson could be so effective. â€Å"We mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor† (Declaration), were words to culminate a long, emotionally engaging declaration, and then signed by representatives of the original thirteen states. A basic breakdown of this document reveals the intentions were to make specific statements as to why the people of this new country have been wronged by King and to declare, literally, our independence. That after several arguments for logic and after being refused to be heard the only true logical outcome now was for these lands and men to be independent of Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson as well as all the signing founding fathers were not unaware that this declaration would surely instigate conflict on our land. A war that would not be easily be won, with several casualties. This was presumed before the declaration was made, but it was also the only logical step towards an independent, successful nation. Jefferson wrote the many accusations so specifically as to not leave doubt in any reader’s mind that this was absolutely necessary. Appealing to the Logos, or logical means of reasoning is implied. Thomas Jefferson is remembered for several acts as one of our founding fathers, however his draft of the Declaration of Independence is one of greatest accomplishments. There is no measure of whether or not our country as we know it would be different if Jefferson did not author the declaration, but it is easy to recognize the effects throughout our society that he had with this document. Jefferson applied, whether intended or not, the appeals of Ethos, Pathos, and Logos and his vision for this nation was evident in the words undersigned by fifty-six founding fathers.